| Orenburg (English) Оренбург (Russian) |
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Street in Orenburg |
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Orenburg
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| Administrative status | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Orenburg Oblast |
| Administrative center of | Orenburg Oblast |
| Municipal status | |
| Urban okrug | Orenburg Urban Okrug |
| Mayor | Yury Meshcheryakov |
| Representative body | City Duma |
| Statistics | |
| Population (2010 Census, preliminary) |
546,987 inhabitants[1] |
| - Rank in 2010 | 29th |
| Population (2002 Census) | 549,361 inhabitants[2] |
| - Rank in 2002 | 27th |
| Time zone | YEKST (UTC+06:00)[3] |
| Founded | 1743 |
| Postal code(s) | 460000 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3532 |
| Official website | |
Orenburg (Russian: Оренбу́рг) is a city on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies 1,478 kilometers (918 mi) southeast of Moscow, very close to the border with Kazakhstan. Population: 546,987 (2010 Census preliminary results);[1] 549,361 (2002 Census);[2] 546,501 (1989 Census).[4] Highest point: 154.4 m. As of 2006, the mayor of the city is Yury Meshcheryakov.
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The Russian Empire began plans for the expansion into Asia by construction of an eastern frontier fortress town in the southern Ural region to be named Orenburg in 1734. The colonists originally founded a settlement in 1735 at the confluence of the Ural River with the Or River. The town's name meant "fortress near the Or," as Burg is German for fortress. This settlement changed its name in 1739 to Orsk. An attempt was made to found another Orenburg about 175 km west at a location called Krasnogor, or "Red Hill," in 1741, but this settlement failed. A third Orenburg was successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev at its present location approximately 250 km west down the Ural from Orsk in 1743. For more background and the 'Orenburg Line' of forts, see Bashkirs.
This third Orenburg functioned as an important military outpost on the frontier with the nomadic Kazakhs. It became the center for the Orenburg Cossacks.
Orenburg played a major role in the Pugachev rebellion (1773–1774). At the time, it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 - March 26, 1774. The defense was organized by lieutenant-general Reinsdorp. General Golytsin defeated Pugachev at Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg). Most of the city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege.
The famous Russian writer Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books "The History of Pugachev" and his famous novel "The Captain's Daughter". He met his friend Vladimir Dahl here, who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language.
Orenburg was the base for General Perovsky's expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s. After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire, Orenburg became a trading station and, since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway, a prominent railway junction on route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia.
Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in present-day Kazakhstan) within Russia from 1920–1925. When that republic was renamed Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925, Orenburg joined Russia and Qyzylorda became the new capital. Alma-Ata became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turksib railway. Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936. Orenburg remained in Russia.
From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov (Чка́лов) (after the test pilot Valery Chkalov). The city's distance from the German invasion during World War II led many Soviet enterprises to flee there, helping to spur the city's economic growth.
Orenburg is a home for several large companies or their subsidiaries: Orenburggazprom,[5] the subsidiary of Gazprom; Orenburgneft,[6] the subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company; Orenburgenergy, one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia.
Orenburg has been a major railroad center ever since the Samara-Zlatoust (ru:Самаро-Златоустовская железная дорога) and Orenburg-Tashkent railroads were completed, respectively in 1876 and 1905.[7]
Orenburg's main airport is Orenburg Tsentralny Airport,[8] located about 25 km east of the city,on the Orsk destination, and is the headquarters of Orenair.[8]
Orenburg is a regional center of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums.
| Climate data for Orenburg | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
31.3 (88.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
39.8 (103.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
40.9 (105.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −8 (17.6) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.5 (81.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
5.9 (42.6) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
5.3 (41.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
1.7 (35.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
7.9 (46.2) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
0.3 (32.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −43.2 (−45.8) |
−40.1 (−40.2) |
−36.8 (−34.2) |
−26 (−14.8) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−35.7 (−32.3) |
−39.2 (−38.6) |
−43.2 (−45.8) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 29 (1.14) |
22 (0.87) |
25 (0.98) |
28 (1.1) |
30 (1.18) |
36 (1.42) |
41 (1.61) |
29 (1.14) |
26 (1.02) |
34 (1.34) |
33 (1.3) |
31 (1.22) |
364 (14.33) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[9] | |||||||||||||
Established in 1955 as a Branch of Kuibyshev Polytechnical Institute (currently Samara State Technical University). It was transformed to the Orenburg Polytechnical Institute in 1971. In 1994 it was named as Orenburg State Technical University. Gained status of university in 1996. Currently, there are 18 Faculties, 3 Research & Development institutes, 4 Regional Branches, technology incubator “OSU Technopark”, botanic garden, meteorological station, sport complex.
Established in 1991. Orenburg State Institute of Management (OSIM) one of the leader in the academic fields of economics, management, information technologies, information securing, business informatics and innovation.
Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute. It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 (at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957). Gained status of academy in 1994. Currently there are 8 Faculties: Medicine, Pediatric, Stomatology (Dentistry), Pharmacy, Clinical Psychology, Nursing, Public Health (Медико-профилактический), Continuing Education.
Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education. Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930. Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996. There are 10 Faculties and 4 Research Institutes.
Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute. It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992. Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University. There are 8 Faculties and 4 Institutes.
Lokomotiv plays in the highest division of the Russian Bandy League.
Mountain and river tourism is developed in the region. There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range, popular with tourists.
The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls. The thinnest lacy design, knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs (pautinkas), is not only warm, but also is used for decorative purposes.
A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural River is one of the most notable places in Orenburg.
Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design. It is a 200-meter (660 ft) tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys.[11]
The asteroid 27709 Orenburg was named after the city on June 1, 2007.†
Orenburg has the following sister cities:[12]
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